Ipamorelin: Selective GHRP Research Guide

Growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRPs) have been studied for decades as tools to stimulate natural growth hormone (GH) production. But most early compounds came with a catch: they also triggered cortisol and prolactin release, making them difficult to use in practice.

Ipamorelin changed that equation. Developed by Novo Nordisk in the late 1990s, it became the first GHRP to demonstrate selectivity comparable to growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) itself. Where older peptides like GHRP-6 and GHRP-2 increased multiple hormones simultaneously, ipamorelin targets GH release specifically, without meaningfully affecting cortisol, ACTH, or prolactin levels—even at doses hundreds of times higher than needed for growth hormone stimulation.

This selectivity profile has made ipamorelin a subject of ongoing research in body composition, bone health, and gastrointestinal motility. While clinical trials for postoperative ileus did not meet efficacy endpoints, preclinical and early-phase human studies have documented its pharmacology in detail. This guide examines what the science actually shows about ipamorelin: its mechanism, selectivity, research applications, and limitations.

Quick Facts
What Is Ipamorelin?
How Ipamorelin Works: Mechanisms of Action
Pharmacokinetics and Dosing
Research Evidence
Ipamorelin and CJC-1295: The Synergistic Combination
Safety Profile and Side Effects
Legal and Regulatory Status
Frequently Asked Questions
The Bottom Line
References

Quick Facts

Property	Details
Full Name	Ipamorelin (also known as Ipamorelin Acetate)
Type	Pentapeptide Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide (GHRP)
Amino Acid Sequence	Aib-His-D-2-Nal-D-Phe-Lys-NH₂
Molecular Formula	C₃₈H₄₉N₉O₅
Molecular Weight	711.85 Da
Mechanism	Selective agonist of the ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a)
Half-Life	~2 hours (humans); 30-60 minutes (rats)
Clearance	0.078 L/h/kg
Bioavailability (Intranasal)	~20%
Selectivity	High for GH release; does not significantly raise cortisol, ACTH, or prolactin
Clinical Status	Not FDA-approved; investigated in Phase 2 trials
WADA Status	Prohibited at all times (Class S2.2)
Development	Originally developed by Novo Nordisk

What Is Ipamorelin?

Ipamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide derived from GHRP-1, designed to mimic the action of ghrelin, the body's natural "hunger hormone" that also stimulates growth hormone release. The peptide's structure consists of five amino acids in a specific sequence: Aib-His-D-2-Nal-D-Phe-Lys-NH₂, where the D-amino acid modifications (D-2-naphthylalanine and D-phenylalanine) provide resistance to enzymatic degradation.

Understanding Growth Hormone Releasing Peptides

To understand ipamorelin's significance, you need to know how GHRPs fit into the broader picture of growth hormone regulation.

Growth hormone secretion is controlled by two main pathways:

GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone): Produced in the hypothalamus, GHRH binds to GHRH receptors on pituitary somatotroph cells and stimulates GH synthesis and release.
Ghrelin System: The natural hormone ghrelin binds to GHS-R1a (growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a) receptors, triggering GH release through a distinct pathway.

GHRPs like ipamorelin act as ghrelin mimetics—synthetic compounds that bind to the same GHS-R1a receptors. The ghrelin/GHS-R1a pathway works synergistically with GHRH, which is why researchers and clinicians often combine GHRPs with GHRH analogs like CJC-1295 or sermorelin.

Why Selectivity Matters

First-generation GHRPs like GHRP-6 were effective at releasing growth hormone, but they came with baggage. Administration resulted in increased plasma levels of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and cortisol, the body's primary stress hormone. Chronic elevation of cortisol carries metabolic consequences: muscle catabolism, insulin resistance, immune suppression, and disrupted sleep architecture.

Ipamorelin was the first GHRP-receptor agonist with selectivity for GH release comparable to what GHRH naturally displays. Even at doses more than 200-fold higher than the ED₅₀ (effective dose for 50% response) for GH release, ipamorelin did not raise ACTH or cortisol significantly beyond levels observed with GHRH stimulation. This clean hormonal profile distinguishes it from GHRP-6, GHRP-2, and hexarelin.

How Ipamorelin Works: Mechanisms of Action

Ghrelin Receptor Activation

Ipamorelin functions as a selective agonist of GHS-R1a, a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) found primarily in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. When ipamorelin binds to GHS-R1a, it triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling events:

G-Protein Coupling: GHS-R1a preferentially couples to Gq proteins
Phospholipase C Activation: Gq stimulates phospholipase C (PLC)
Calcium Mobilization: PLC generates inositol trisphosphate (IP₃), which releases calcium from intracellular stores
Growth Hormone Release: Increased intracellular calcium triggers vesicle fusion and GH secretion

Dual Site of Action

Ipamorelin acts at two levels:

Hypothalamic Level: Stimulates GHRH neurons in the arcuate nucleus, which then signal the pituitary to release GH.

Pituitary Level: Directly activates GHS-R1a receptors on somatotroph cells, the specialized pituitary cells that produce and secrete growth hormone.

This dual mechanism explains why GHRPs produce robust GH pulses that often exceed what GHRH analogs achieve alone. The two pathways converge on the same somatotroph cells but work through different receptor systems, creating a synergistic effect when both are activated simultaneously.

Growth Hormone and IGF-1 Cascade

Once released into circulation, growth hormone has a half-life of approximately 20-30 minutes. GH exerts some direct effects on tissues, but many of its actions are mediated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which the liver produces in response to GH.

IGF-1 increases skeletal muscle protein synthesis via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathways. It also promotes bone growth, cartilage formation, and tissue repair. The natural increase in IGF-1 downstream of GH stimulation is one reason researchers study ipamorelin for body composition and musculoskeletal applications.

Selectivity at the Molecular Level

Why doesn't ipamorelin stimulate cortisol and prolactin like earlier GHRPs? The answer lies in receptor selectivity and the specific conformational changes induced when ipamorelin binds to GHS-R1a.

GHS-R1a forms heterodimers with various other receptors, including dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2), somatostatin receptor 5, melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R), and serotonin receptor type 2C. Different ligands can bias the receptor toward specific signaling pathways—a phenomenon called "functional selectivity" or "biased agonism."

Ipamorelin appears to activate GHS-R1a in a way that preferentially stimulates the Gq/calcium pathway leading to GH release, while minimizing activation of pathways that would trigger ACTH and cortisol from corticotroph cells or prolactin from lactotroph cells in the pituitary.

Gastrointestinal Effects

Beyond growth hormone stimulation, ipamorelin has demonstrated effects on gastrointestinal motility. In rodent models of postoperative ileus, ipamorelin accelerated gastric emptying and increased intestinal contractility through a ghrelin receptor-mediated mechanism involving cholinergic excitatory neurons.

This makes mechanistic sense: the natural hormone ghrelin, which ipamorelin mimics, is known to stimulate appetite and promote gastric motility. These prokinetic properties led to clinical trials investigating ipamorelin for postoperative ileus, though the compound did not meet efficacy endpoints in Phase 2 human trials.

Pharmacokinetics and Dosing

Human Pharmacokinetics

A dose-escalation study in healthy male volunteers characterized ipamorelin's pharmacokinetics across five infusion rates (4.21 to 140.45 nmol/kg over 15 minutes):

Terminal Half-Life: 2 hours
Clearance: 0.078 L/h/kg
Volume of Distribution: 0.22 L/kg at steady state
Dose Proportionality: PK parameters showed dose-proportional increases

The time course of GH stimulation showed a single episode of GH release with a peak at approximately 0.67 hours (40 minutes) after infusion.

Compared to GHRP-6, ipamorelin demonstrated systemic plasma clearance 5-fold lower, suggesting slower elimination and potentially more sustained exposure per dose.

Bioavailability and Routes of Administration

Subcutaneous injection is the most common route for peptide administration in research settings. Intranasal bioavailability was approximately 20% in rat studies, substantially lower than parenteral routes.

Ipamorelin was moderately resistant to metabolism, with 60-80% of the administered dose recovered from bile and urine as intact peptide. The peptide is mainly excreted in the urine.

Typical Dosing Protocols in Research

Common dosing ranges in research and investigational settings include:

Single Dose: 100-300 mcg via subcutaneous injection
Frequency: Once daily (typically before bed) or twice daily (morning and evening)
Timing: Administered on an empty stomach (at least 1 hour before or 1.5 hours after eating) to optimize GH release
Cycle Length: 8-12 weeks in investigational protocols, with some extending to 16 weeks

The short 2-hour half-life means that ipamorelin's effects on GH are pulsatile rather than sustained, mimicking the body's natural episodic GH secretion pattern. This is why it's often paired with longer-acting GHRH analogs like CJC-1295 or CJC-1295 with DAC to extend the duration of GH elevation.

Storage and Stability

Lyophilized (Powder) Form: Stable for up to 3 years at -18°C (freezer) or 2 years at 2-8°C (refrigerator)
Reconstituted: After mixing with bacteriostatic water, store at 2-8°C and use within 30-45 days
Room Temperature: Lyophilized ipamorelin is stable for approximately 3 weeks at room temperature, but refrigeration is recommended

Research Evidence

Growth Hormone Release Studies

The foundational characterization of ipamorelin came from Raun et al. (1998), who demonstrated that ipamorelin released GH from primary rat pituitary cells with potency and efficacy similar to GHRP-6. In vivo studies in swine showed that ipamorelin significantly increased plasma GH levels without affecting prolactin, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, or cortisol.

Bone Growth and Mineralization

Several studies investigated ipamorelin's effects on skeletal tissue:

Longitudinal Bone Growth: Gobburu et al. (1999) found that ipamorelin dose-dependently increased longitudinal bone growth rate (LGR) in adult female rats:

Vehicle: 42 μm/day
Low dose: 44 μm/day
Medium dose: 50 μm/day
High dose: 52 μm/day

Bone Mineral Content: Svensson et al. (2000) demonstrated that treatment with ipamorelin and GHRP-6 increased bone mineral content (BMC) in adult female rats as measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. The increases in cortical and total BMC resulted from actual bone growth with increased dimensions, while volumetric bone mineral density remained unchanged.

Glucocorticoid Protection: Johansen et al. (2001) investigated whether ipamorelin could counteract the catabolic effects of glucocorticoids on skeletal muscle and bone in adult rats. This research is particularly relevant given that ipamorelin does not raise cortisol—a glucocorticoid that can inhibit bone formation when chronically elevated.

Clinical Trial: Postoperative Ileus

The most significant clinical data comes from a Phase 2 randomized controlled trial evaluating ipamorelin for postoperative ileus management in 114 bowel resection patients.

Design: Proof-of-concept study comparing ipamorelin (0.03 mg/kg twice daily) versus placebo for up to 7 days after surgery

Safety: Ipamorelin was well tolerated at the tested dose

Efficacy: No significant differences between ipamorelin and placebo in primary or secondary efficacy endpoints

While preclinical rodent studies showed accelerated gastric emptying and improved motility, these effects did not translate to clinically meaningful benefits in humans recovering from bowel surgery. Following this result, development for this indication was discontinued.

Body Composition and Muscle

Direct clinical evidence for ipamorelin's effects on body composition in healthy adults is limited. Most research has been conducted in animals or involves related compounds.

The mechanistic rationale is well-established: GH stimulates IGF-1 production, and IGF-1 increases skeletal muscle protein synthesis through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. However, published peer-reviewed trials demonstrating superior muscle mass, fat loss, or performance outcomes specifically with ipamorelin in resistance-trained adults are currently lacking.

Research on related compounds provides context. Studies on tesamorelin (an FDA-approved GHRH analog) have shown reductions in visceral adipose tissue in HIV-associated lipodystrophy. MK-677 (ibutamoren), an oral growth hormone secretagogue, has demonstrated increases in lean body mass and bone mineral density in elderly populations.

Whether ipamorelin produces clinically significant body composition changes comparable to direct GH administration or other secretagogues remains an open question requiring rigorous controlled trials.

Ipamorelin and CJC-1295: The Synergistic Combination

In practice, ipamorelin is rarely used alone. The most common pairing is with CJC-1295, a GHRH analog that stimulates growth hormone release through a different receptor system.

Mechanistic Rationale

The combination makes pharmacological sense:

Ipamorelin: Activates GHS-R1a (ghrelin receptor pathway), primarily affecting GH pulse frequency and timing

CJC-1295: Activates GHRH receptors, primarily driving GH synthesis and pulse amplitude

These two receptor systems converge on the same somatotroph cells in the pituitary. When both are activated simultaneously, the result is greater GH release than either peptide produces alone—a textbook example of pharmacological synergy.

CJC-1295 produces sustained increases in GH and IGF-1. After a single injection, mean plasma GH concentrations increased 2- to 10-fold for 6 days or more, and mean plasma IGF-1 concentrations increased 1.5- to 3-fold for 9-11 days, with an estimated half-life of 5.8-8.1 days.

Ipamorelin's short 2-hour half-life provides acute GH pulses. CJC-1295's extended pharmacokinetics provide a sustained baseline elevation. The combination theoretically optimizes both the amplitude and frequency of GH secretion.

Evidence Limitations

It's important to note that no large-scale human clinical trials have evaluated the CJC-1295/ipamorelin combination for any therapeutic indication. The rationale is based on individual peptide pharmacology and the known synergy between GHRH and ghrelin pathways.

Published, peer-reviewed trials demonstrating superior muscle growth, fat loss, or performance outcomes from the combination in healthy, resistance-trained adults are currently lacking. Most of what's "known" about this combination comes from investigational use in wellness clinics and anecdotal reports rather than controlled research.

Alternative Combinations

Other peptides are sometimes paired with ipamorelin:

Sermorelin: Another GHRH analog, though with shorter duration than CJC-1295
Tesamorelin: FDA-approved GHRH analog for HIV-associated lipodystrophy
IGF-1 LR3: Long-acting IGF-1 analog, though this adds complexity and risk

Safety Profile and Side Effects

General Tolerability

Ipamorelin is generally described as well-tolerated in research settings. The Phase 2 clinical trial in postoperative ileus patients reported good tolerability at 0.03 mg/kg twice daily for up to 7 days.

Common Mild Side Effects

Reported side effects tend to be mild and transient:

Injection Site Reactions: Redness, soreness, or swelling at the injection site
Headaches: Typically mild and resolve with continued use
Increased Appetite: As a ghrelin mimetic, ipamorelin can stimulate hunger in some individuals
Dizziness or Nausea: Particularly when beginning treatment or adjusting dosage
Fluid Retention: Mild edema, especially in extremities
Fatigue: Some users report temporary lethargy

Hormonal Selectivity and Advantages

The key safety advantage of ipamorelin over earlier GHRPs is its selectivity. Unlike GHRP-6, which increases cortisol and prolactin, or hexarelin, which has been associated with desensitization of the GH response, ipamorelin does not meaningfully affect these pathways at GH-releasing doses.

This clean hormonal profile theoretically reduces risks associated with chronic cortisol elevation (insulin resistance, immune suppression, muscle catabolism, bone loss) and prolactin excess (gynecomastia, sexual dysfunction, menstrual irregularities).

Long-Term Concerns

Because ipamorelin is not approved for therapeutic use and long-term human studies are absent, potential chronic risks remain incompletely characterized:

Insulin Resistance: Chronic GH excess can lead to insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. While physiologic GH pulses are beneficial, supraphysiologic levels sustained over time can cause metabolic dysfunction.

Acromegaly Risk: Theoretically, prolonged overstimulation of GH could lead to acromegalic features (enlarged hands, feet, facial features, organ growth). This risk is likely dose- and duration-dependent and would be expected only with chronic excessive use.

Pituitary Effects: Long-term stimulation of somatotroph cells raises theoretical concerns about pituitary hyperplasia or adenoma formation, though no direct evidence links therapeutic GHRP use to pituitary tumors.

Cardiac Effects: Some growth hormone secretagogues have shown cardiac effects. Hexarelin, for instance, binds to cardiac receptors and can affect heart function. Ipamorelin's selectivity suggests reduced cardiac risk, but long-term cardiovascular safety data are limited.

Contraindications and Precautions

Ipamorelin should be approached with caution or avoided in:

Active Cancer: GH and IGF-1 can promote cell proliferation; theoretical concerns exist about tumor growth
Diabetic Retinopathy: IGF-1 may worsen this condition
Pituitary Disorders: Pre-existing pituitary adenomas or other pathology
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: No safety data available
Thyroid Dysfunction: May respond unpredictably to GH secretagogues

Quality Control Concerns

A significant practical safety issue is product quality. Ipamorelin is not FDA-approved and is typically sourced from compounding pharmacies or research chemical suppliers. Peptide purity, sterility, and accurate dosing cannot be guaranteed outside pharmaceutical manufacturing with regulatory oversight.

Contamination, degradation products, incorrect concentration, and microbial contamination are real risks when using peptides from unregulated sources.

Legal and Regulatory Status

FDA Status

Ipamorelin is not FDA-approved for any therapeutic use. It was originally developed by Novo Nordisk and investigated in Phase 2 clinical trials by Helsinn Therapeutics for postoperative ileus, but development was discontinued due to lack of efficacy.

No FDA-approved drug products contain ipamorelin. It is not found in any prescription medications available through legitimate pharmacies.

Compounding Pharmacy Regulations

In September 2024, the FDA removed ipamorelin acetate from Category 2 of the 503A bulks list based on nominators' withdrawal. The FDA released analysis recommending that ipamorelin not be included in the 503A Bulks Regulation, effectively restricting its use in compounding pharmacies.

This regulatory action reflects FDA concerns about safety and efficacy for substances being compounded without approval for specific therapeutic indications.

Legal Sale and Purchase

Ipamorelin's sale, purchase, and use must be confined to legitimate non-clinical laboratory settings for research purposes. It cannot legally be marketed, labeled, or sold as:

A drug for human use
A dietary supplement
A food additive

Despite these restrictions, ipamorelin remains available through research chemical suppliers and some compounding pharmacies operating in regulatory gray areas.

DEA Classification

Peptides like ipamorelin are not controlled substances under the Controlled Substances Act and have no DEA schedule classification. This means possession is not a federal crime in the same way as scheduled drugs, but FDA regulations still apply to their sale and intended use.

WADA Prohibited List

For athletes, ipamorelin is prohibited at all times under the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List. It is classified as a Class S2.2 substance (growth hormone secretagogues), banned both in-competition and out-of-competition.

Use of ipamorelin would constitute a doping violation for athletes competing in:

Olympic sports
Professional sports adopting WADA standards
NCAA collegiate athletics
Any sport governed by the World Anti-Doping Code

Detection methods for GHRPs have advanced significantly, and athletes face substantial sanctions for violations.

International Regulations

Regulatory status varies by country. In most jurisdictions, ipamorelin occupies the same space: not approved for human therapeutic use, but not specifically scheduled as a controlled substance. Importation, sale, and use regulations differ, and individuals should research their local laws.

Frequently Asked Questions

What makes ipamorelin different from other growth hormone peptides?

Ipamorelin's defining characteristic is its selectivity. While earlier GHRPs like GHRP-6 and GHRP-2 stimulate growth hormone but also increase cortisol and prolactin, ipamorelin selectively triggers GH release without significantly affecting these other hormones. This clean profile more closely mimics natural GHRH and reduces the hormonal side effects associated with other peptides.

How does ipamorelin compare to actual growth hormone injections?

They work through completely different mechanisms. Growth hormone injections deliver exogenous (external) GH directly into the bloodstream, creating supraphysiologic levels that suppress the body's natural production. Ipamorelin stimulates your own pituitary to release GH in a pulsatile pattern that more closely resembles natural physiology. The tradeoff: peptides produce smaller, more variable increases in GH compared to direct injection, but they preserve the body's natural feedback systems and carry lower risk of shutdown.

Can ipamorelin be taken orally?

No. Like most peptides, ipamorelin is broken down by digestive enzymes in the stomach and would not survive oral administration. Research has investigated intranasal delivery (with bioavailability around 20%), but the standard route is subcutaneous injection. Oral growth hormone secretagogues like MK-677 exist but work through different chemistry.

Why is ipamorelin often paired with CJC-1295?

The pairing targets two complementary pathways. CJC-1295 activates GHRH receptors and has a long half-life (days), providing sustained baseline GH elevation. Ipamorelin activates ghrelin receptors and has a short half-life (2 hours), creating acute GH pulses. Together, they theoretically optimize both the amplitude and frequency of GH secretion. However, large-scale clinical trials validating this combination's superiority for body composition or performance are lacking.

What's a typical ipamorelin cycle length?

Investigational protocols typically run 8-12 weeks, with some extending to 16 weeks. The rationale for cycling is to prevent potential desensitization of GH response and allow the body's natural hormone systems to reset. However, optimal cycle length is not well-established through clinical research—most guidance comes from investigational use rather than controlled studies.

Does ipamorelin require a prescription?

Legally, yes—if obtained through a compounding pharmacy for human use. However, ipamorelin is not FDA-approved, and its inclusion in compounded formulations has been restricted by recent FDA actions. Many individuals obtain ipamorelin from research chemical suppliers, which operate in regulatory gray areas and do not require prescriptions but also cannot legally sell peptides for human consumption.

How long does it take to see results from ipamorelin?

Timeline varies by outcome measured. Many users report improved sleep quality and recovery within the first 1-2 weeks. Visible body composition changes (increased lean mass, fat reduction) typically emerge over 2-3 months of consistent use alongside proper nutrition and training. Remember that ipamorelin's effects depend on your body's response to increased GH, which is more subtle and variable than direct GH injection.

What are the risks of long-term ipamorelin use?

Since long-term human studies don't exist, chronic risks remain theoretical but include insulin resistance (from sustained GH elevation), potential for acromegalic changes (with excessive doses), and unknown effects on pituitary function over years of use. Quality control issues with unregulated peptide sources add practical risks of contamination or incorrect dosing. Anyone using ipamorelin long-term should monitor metabolic markers (glucose, HbA1c, IGF-1) and work with a knowledgeable healthcare provider.

The Bottom Line

Ipamorelin represents a refinement in growth hormone secretagogue design. Its selectivity for GH release without triggering cortisol or prolactin elevation distinguishes it from earlier peptides like GHRP-6 and gives it a cleaner hormonal profile that more closely mimics natural GHRH.

The pharmacology is well-characterized: ipamorelin binds to GHS-R1a receptors in the hypothalamus and pituitary, stimulating pulsatile GH release with a short 2-hour half-life. Downstream effects include increased IGF-1 production, which drives many of the metabolic, anabolic, and tissue-repair effects associated with the GH axis.

Research evidence includes detailed pharmacokinetic studies in humans, multiple animal studies demonstrating effects on bone growth and mineralization, and one Phase 2 clinical trial for postoperative ileus (which did not meet efficacy endpoints despite good tolerability). What's missing are large-scale controlled trials in humans demonstrating clinically significant benefits for body composition, performance, or other applications that drive current off-label use.

The common pairing with CJC-1295 makes mechanistic sense—combining a short-acting GHRP with a long-acting GHRH analog to optimize both pulse amplitude and frequency—but this combination has not been rigorously validated in controlled trials.

From a safety perspective, ipamorelin's selectivity is an advantage. Short-term tolerability appears good based on limited human data. Long-term safety is unknown. Theoretical concerns include insulin resistance, potential for acromegalic features with chronic excessive use, and practical quality control issues with unregulated peptide sources.

Legally, ipamorelin is not FDA-approved, has been restricted in compounding pharmacies, and is prohibited for competitive athletes under WADA rules. It occupies regulatory gray areas for wellness and research use.

For anyone considering ipamorelin, understand what the science actually shows versus what marketing claims or anecdotal reports suggest. The peptide has interesting pharmacology and a cleaner profile than earlier GHRPs. It does not have robust clinical evidence for most applications driving current use. Quality, legality, and long-term safety remain significant considerations.

This article is for educational purposes only. PeptideJournal.org does not sell peptides, provide medical advice, or recommend the use of any unapproved substances. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before making decisions about your health.

References

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Svensson J, Lall S, Dickson SL, et al. The GH secretagogues ipamorelin and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase bone mineral content in adult female rats. J Endocrinol. 2000;165(3):569-577. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10828840/
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M'Kadmi C, Leyris JP, Onfroy L, et al. Ghrelin signaling: GOAT and GHS-R1a take a LEAP in complexity. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2019;30(10):735-746. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7299083/
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Sport Integrity Australia. Ipamorelin. https://www.sportintegrity.gov.au/substances/ipamorelin
Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, et al. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(3):799-805. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16352683/
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